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The first written proof of the city was in 1002. In 1018 the Peace of Bautzen was signed between the German king Henry II and the Polish king Boleslaus I. The Treaty left Bautzen under the Polish rule. In 1033 the city passed to Germany, in 1319 to Bohemia and in 1635 to Saxony.
Asteroid (11580) Bautzen is named in honor of the city.