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It is not known how much further the wall extends due to the plane of the Milky Way Galaxy, in which we are embedded. The gas and dust from the Milky Way obscure our view and have so far made it impossible to determine if the wall ends or continues on further than that which we can currently observe.
As for the origin of the Great Wall, it should be noted that current theory hypothesizes that such structures form along and follow web-like strings of dark matter. It is this dark matter which dictates the structure of the Universe on the grandest of scales. Dark matter gravitationally attracts normal matter and it is this normal matter that we see forming thin long walls of Super-Galactic clusters.