Lusatian culture

Lusatian culture

The Lusatian culture existed in the later Bronze Age and early Iron Age (1300-500 BC) in eastern Germany, Poland and Czecheslovakia. It covers the Periods Montelius III (early Lusatian culture) to V of the Northern-European chronological scheme. The Lusatian culture developed from the Proto-Lusatian culture and the Trciniec-culture under some influence of the middle bronze Age Tumulus bronze Age (H�gelgr�berkultur). It is contemporaneous with the urnfield culture that is found from eastern France via southern Germany and Austria to Hungary and the Nordic Bronze Age in northwestern Germany and Scandinavia. It is followed by the early Iron Age Billendorf culture. Burial was by cremation, inhumations are rare. The urn is usually accompanied by numerous, up to 40 secondary vessels. Metal grave gifts are sparse, but there are numerous hoards (e.g. Kopaniewo, Pomerania) that contain rich metalwork, both bronze and gold (hoard of Eberswalde, Brandenburg). Graves containing moulds, like at Bataune, Saxony or tuyeres attest the production of bronze tools and weapons at village level. The 'royal' tomb of Seddin, Brandenburg, Germany, covered by a large earthen barrow contained Mediterranean imports like bronze-vessels and glass beads. Cemeteries can be quite large and contain thousands of graves.

Well known settlements include Biskupin in Poland and Buch near Berlin. There are both open villages and fortified settlements on hilltops or in swampy areas. The ramparts were constructed of wooden boxes filled with soil or stones.

The economy was mainly based on arable agriculture, as is attested by numerous storage pits. Wheat (emmer) and six-row barley formed the basic crops, together with millet, rye and oats, peas, broad beans, lentil and gold of pleasure (Camelina sativa). Flax was grown, and remains of domestic apples, pears and plums have been found. Cattle and pigs were the most important domestic animals, followed by sheep, goats, horses and dogs. Pictures on Iron Age urns from Silesia attest horse riding, but horses were used to draw chariots as well. Hunting was practiced, as bones of red and roe deer, boar, bison elk, hare, fox and wolf attest, but did not provide much of the meat consumed. The numerous frog-bones found at Biskupin may indicate that frog's legs were eaten as well.

Hoards in swampy areas are considered by some archaeologists as 'gifts for the Gods'. Human bones in 5m deep sacrificial pits in Lossow (Brandenburg) might point to human sacrifice and probably cannibalism.

History of research

'Lausitz-type' burials were first described by the German doctor and archaeologist Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902). The name refers to the Lusatia (Lausitz) area in eastern Germany (Brandenburg and Saxony) and Poland. Virchow identified the pottery as 'pre-Germanic' but refused to speculate on the ethnic identity of their makers.

Numerous Czech (P�?, Niederle, ?ervinka) and Polish (Majewski, Kostrzewski, Koz?owski) authors believed the Lusatians to be Proto-Slavs, while the German archaeologist A. G�tze saw them as Thracian, and G. Kossinna first as Karpo-Dacian, a tribe mentioned by Zosimus and then as Illyrian.

Today, most scholars have accepted the historical and changing nature of ethnic groups and do not try to continue ethnic groups known from written sources into the prehistoric period.

History of research

further reading