In short, Muslim theology is the theology that derived from the Koran and the Prophetic traditions. The contents of Muslim theology can be divided into theology proper, theodicy, eschatology, anthropology, apophatic theology and comparative religion. These branches or divisions of Muslim theology can be found in the Holy Koran and the Prophetic traditions. The theology profer refers to the nature of God or Allah such as His essence and attributes and His relation with humans and other created beings, the relationship between the creator and the created. Theodicy is related to Allah as the creator and the existing of all the evil and suffering in the world with the premise that Allah is omnipotent, omniscient and omnibenevolent. The main questions dealt in theodicy are the problems of evils and sufferings taking place among human beings and their relation to Allah's three attributes namely omniscience, omnipotence and omnibenevolence. Eschatology is literally understood as the last things or ultimate things and in Muslim theology, eschatology refers to the end of this world and what will happen in the next world or hereafter. Eschatology covers the death of human beings, their souls after their bodily death, the total destruction of this world, the resurrection of human souls, the final judgments of human deeds by Allah after the resurrection, and the rewards and punishments for the believers and non-believers respectively. The places for the believers in the hereafter are known as the Paradise and for the non-believers are the Hell.

Anthropology or theological anthropology in Muslim theology focuses on the natures and purposes of human beings created by Allah to live in this world. Apophatic theology deals with what Allah is not. It is also known as negative theology. Comparative religion in Muslim theology is about the differences and similarities between Muslim theology and other theologies such as Christian, Jewish theologies as explained in the Holy Koran and the Prophetic traditions.

In the history of Muslim theology, there have been theological schools among Muslims such as the Salafites, the Ash`arites, the Mu`tazilites and the Hanbalites. Those who have studies those Muslim theological schools surely have found some similarities and difference in their approaches to the theological contents and concepts derived from the Holy Koran and the Prophetic traditions. For example, the Mu`tazilites emphasize more on human free will in human relation with Allah meanwhile those who opposed the Mu`tazilites emphasize on human predestination in human relation with Allah. The Mu`tazilites give priority to God's justice while their opponents give priority to God's omnipotence when they talk about the relationship between human beings and their creator.