Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

This is a list of the Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine:

1901 Emil Adolf von Behring

for his serum therapy to treat diphtheria

1902 Ronald Ross

for research on malaria

1903 Niels Ryberg Finsen

for his light treatment of lupus vulgaris

1904 Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

for work on the physiology of the digestive system

1905 Robert Koch

for discovering the cause of tuberculosis

1906 Camillo Golgi, Santiago Ramón y Cajal

for research on the nervous system

1907 Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran

for research into protozoa causing disease

1908 Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, Paul Ehrlich

for study of the immune system

1909 Emil Theodor Kocher

for work on the thyroid gland

1910 Albrecht Kossel

for research in cell biology, especially proteins and nucleic acids

1911 Allvar Gullstrand

for research on the image formation by the lens of the eye

1912 Alexis Carrel

for work on suture of blood vessels and transplantation

1913 Charles Robert Richet

for the discovery of anaphylaxis

1914 Robert Bárány

for research on the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear

1919 Jules Bordet

for discovery of the complement in the immune system

1920 Schack August Steenberg Krogh

for showing that the gas exchange in the lungs is ordinary diffusion

1922 Archibald Vivian Hill, Otto Fritz Meyerhof

for research on muscles, especially their generation of heat and the relationship between oxygen consumption and lactic acid metabolism

1923 Frederick Grant Banting, John James Richard Macleod

for the discovery of insulin

1924 Willem Einthoven

for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram

1926 Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger

for elucidating Spiroptera carcinoma and artificially inducing cancer in an animal.

1927 Julius Wagner-Jauregg

for healing general paralysis by infection with malaria

1928 Charles Jules Henri Nicolle

for work on typhus

1929 Christiaan Eijkman, Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins

for discovery of various vitamins

1930 Karl Landsteiner

for discovery of human blood types

1931 Otto Heinrich Warburg

for research on cytochromes in cellular respiration

1932 Sir Charles Scott Sherrington, Edgar Douglas Adrian

for work on the function of neurons, including the fact that stronger stimuli result in a higher frequency of nerve impulses

1933 Thomas Hunt Morgan

for discovering the role of chromosomes in heredity

1934 George Hoyt Whipple, George Richards Minot, William Parry Murphy

for discovering liver therapy for anaemia

1935 Hans Spemann

for the discovery of organizing centers in the early development of organisms

1936 Sir Henry Hallett Dale, Otto Loewi

for work on transmission of nerve impulses via neurotransmitters

1937 Albert Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrapolt

for the description of vitamin C and the discovery that oxygen combines with hydrogen in cellular respiration

1938 Corneille Jean François Heymans

for showing how blood pressure and oxygen content of the blood are measured by the body and transmitted to the brain

1939 Gerhard Domagk

for the discovery of the sulphonamide Prontosil, the first drug effective against bacterial infections

1943 Henrik Carl Peter Dam, Edward Adelbert Doisy

for the discovery of vitamin K and its chemical structure

1944 Joseph Erlanger, Herbert Spencer Gasser

for the discovery of different types of nerve fibers

1945 Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain, Sir Howard Walter Florey

for the discovery of penicillin and its properties in the cure of infectious diseases

1946 Hermann Joseph Muller

for the discovery that mutations can be induced by x-rays

1947 Carl Ferdinand Cori, Gerty Theresa, née Radnitz Cori, Bernardo Alberto Houssay

for the discovery on how glycogen is converted to glucose in the body, and for the effects of hypophysis hormones on sugar metabolism

1948 Paul Hermann Müller

for the discovery of the insecticide DDT

1949 Walter Rudolf Hess, Antonio Caetano De Abreu Freire Egas Moniz

Hess for mapping the various functions of the midbrain; Moniz for discovering the therapeutic effect of lobotomy

1950 Edward Calvin Kendall, Tadeus Reichstein, Philip Showalter Hench

for the discovery of the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and function

1951 Max Theiler

for developing a vaccine for yellow fever

1952 Selman Abraham Waksman

for discovering the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis: streptomycin

1953 Hans Adolf Krebs, Fritz Albert Lipmann

Krebs for the discovery of the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration; Lipman for discovery and research on coenzyme A

1954 John Franklin Enders, Thomas Huckle Weller, Frederick Chapman Robbins

for showing how to cultivate poliomyelitis viruses in the test tube

1955 Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell

for research on enzymes and their actions, especially oxydizing enzymes

1956 André Frédéric Cournand, Werner Forssmann, Dickinson W. Richards

for showing how to insert a catheter into the heart and studying various heart diseases

1957 Daniel Bovet

for discovering synthetic drugs such as antihistamines that block the action of biological amines

1958 George Wells Beadle, Edward Lawrie Tatum, Joshua Lederberg

for showing that genes control individual steps in metabolism

1959 Severo Ochoa, Arthur Kornberg

for the synthesis of the nucleic acids RNA and DNA

1960 Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Peter Brian Medawar

for the discovery that the immune system of the fetus learns how to distinguish between self and non-self

1961 Georg von Békésy

for elucidating the cochlea of the ear

1962 Francis Harry Compton Crick, James Dewey Watson, Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins

for discovering the molecular structure of DNA

1963 Sir John Carew Eccles, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, Andrew Fielding Huxley

for describing the electric transmission of impulses along nerves

1964 Konrad Bloch, Feodor Lynen

for research on cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism

1965 François Jacob, André Lwoff, Jacques Monod

for discovering messenger RNA, ribosomes, and the genes controlling the expression of other genes

1966 Peyton Rous, Charles Brenton Huggins

Rous for the discovery of viruses that induce tumours; Huggins for the discovery of the treatment of prostate cancer with hormones

1967 Ragnar Granit, Haldan Keffer Hartline, George Wald

for describing the different types of light-sensitive cells in the eye and how light interacts with them

1968 Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana, Marshall W. Nirenberg

for describing the genetic code and how it operates in protein synthesis

1969 Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hershey, Salvador E. Luria

for work on the replication mechanicsm and genetics of viruses

1970 Sir Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler, Julius Axelrod

for work on neurotransmitters

1971 Earl W. Sutherland, Jr

for discovery of the action of hormones, especially epinephrine, via second messengers

1972 Gerald M. Edelman, Rodney R. Porter

for descovering the chemical structure of antibodies

1973 Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz, Nikolaas Tinbergen

for the study of social animal behavior, especially the explanation of the "dance language" of bees and how young birds become fixated on their mother

1974 Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, George E. Palade

for describing the structure and function of organelles in biological cellss

1975 David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco, Howard Martin Temin

for describing how tumor viruses act on the genetical material of the cell

1976 Baruch S. Blumberg, D. Carleton Gajdusek

Blumberg for the discovery of a virus causing hepatitis; Gajdusek for describing the disease kuru caused by cannibalism

1977 Roger Guillemin, Andrew V. Schally, Rosalyn Yalow

Guillemin and Schally for work on peptide hormones produced in the brain; Yalow for creating the Yalow-Berson method to measure minute amounts of peptide hormones using antibodies

1978 Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans, Hamilton O. Smith

for the discovery of restriction enzymes which are instrumental in molecular biology

1979 Allan M. Cormack, Godfrey N. Hounsfield

for developing computer assisted tomography

1980 Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset, George D. Snell

for discovery of the Major histocompatibility complex genes which encode cell surface molecules important for the immune system's distinction between self and non-self

1981 Roger W. Sperry, David H. Hubel, Torsten N. Wiesel

Sperry for research on the cerebral hemispheres; Hubel and Wiesel for work on the processing of visual information in the brain

1982 Sune K. Bergström, Bengt I. Samuelsson, John R. Vane

for the discovery of prostaglandins

1983 Barbara McClintock

for discovery of mobile genetic elements or transposons in maize

1984 Niels K. Jerne, Georges J.F. Köhler, César Milstein

for work on the immune system and the production of monoclonal antibodies

1985 Michael S. Brown, Joseph L. Goldstein

for describing the regulation of cholesterol metabolism

1986 Stanley Cohen, Rita Levi-Montalcini

for discovering growth factors

1987 Susumu Tonegawa

for discovering how the large diversity of antibodies is produced genetically

1988 Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion, George H. Hitchings

Black for the development of beta blockers and histamine-2 receptor blocker; Elion and Hitchings for the development of drugs used in the treatment of cancer and the suppression of transplantation rejection; Hitchings for the development of various antibiotics

1989 J. Michael Bishop, Harold E. Varmus

for discovering the cellular origins of retroviral oncogenes

1990 Joseph E. Murray, E. Donnall Thomas

for work on organ and cell transplantation

1991 Erwin Neher, Bert Sakmann

for developing techniques which show that ion channels exist in the cell membrane and which allow to study their properties

1992 Edmond H. Fischer, Edwin G. Krebs

for discovering how phosphorylation of proteins is used to regulate biological processes

1993 Richard J. Roberts, Phillip A. Sharp

for the discovery that genes in eukaryotes are not contiguous strings but contain introns, and that the splicing of messenger RNA to delete those introns can occur in different ways, yielding different proteins from the same DNA sequence

1994 Alfred G. Gilman, Martin Rodbell

for the discovery of G proteins and their role in signal transduction in cells

1995 Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Eric F. Wieschaus

for the discovery of the genes involved in the developmental program of the fruit fly, the homeobox genes

1996 Peter C. Doherty, Rolf M. Zinkernagel

for describing how MHC molecules are used by white blood cells to detect and kill virus-infected cells.

1997 Stanley B. Prusiner

for the discovery of prions, infectious protein particles

1998 Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro, Ferid Murad

for discovery of the signalling properties of nitric oxide

1999 Günter Blobel

for the discovery that newly synthesized proteins contain "address tags" which direct them to the proper location within the cell

2000 Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard, Eric R Kandel

Carlsson for proving that dopamine is a neurotransmitter in the brain whose depletion leads to symptoms of Alzheimer's disease; Greengard for showing how neurotransmitters act on the cell and can activate a central molecule known as DARPP-32; Kandel for describing how short-term and long-term memory is formed on the molecular level

2001 Leland H. Hartwell, R. Timothy Hunt, Paul M. Nurse

for the discovery of cyclin and cyclin dependent kinase, central molecules in the regulation of the cell cycle

2002 Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz, John E. Sulston

for establishing the precise order in which cells in the worm C. elegans divide and die, and for elucidating the process of programmed cell death or apoptosis

2003 Paul Lauterbur and Sir Peter Mansfield

for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging

Reference

• http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/index.html\n