It was in this region that the "legend of Abgarus" originated, for which see Abgarus of Edessa.

Osroene was absorbed into the Roman Empire in 114 as a semi-autonomous vassal state, then incorporated as a province in 214.

Rulers of Osroene

• Aryu (132 - 127 BC)
• Abdu bar Maz'ur (127 - 120 BC)
• Fradhasht bar Gebar'u (120 - 115 BC)
• Bakru I bar Fradhasht (115 - 112 BC)
• Bakru II bar Bakru (112 - 94 BC)
• Ma'nu I (94 BC)
• Abgar I Piqa (94 - 68 BC)
• Abgar II bar Abgar (68 - 52 BC)
• Ma'nu II (52 - 34 BC)
• Paqor (34 - 29 BC)
• Abgar III (29 - 26 BC)
• Abgar IV Sumaqa (26 - 23 BC)
• Ma'nu III Saphul (23 - 4 BC)
• Abgar V Ukkama bar Ma'nu (Abgarus of Edessa) (4 BC - 7 AD)
• Ma'nu IV bar Ma'nu (7 - 13)
• Abgar V Ukkama bar Ma'nu (13 - 50)
• Ma'nu V bar Abgar (50 - 57)
• Ma'nu VI bar Abgar (57 - 71)
• Abgar VI bar Ma'nu (71 - 91)
• Sanatruk (91 - 109)
• Abgar VII bar Ezad (109 - 116)
• Roman interregnum 116 - 118
• Yalur (118 - 122, co-ruler with Parthamaspates)
• Parthamaspates (118 - 123)
• Ma'nu VII bar Ezad (123 - 139)
• Ma'nu VIII bar Ma'nu (139 - 163)
• Wa'il bar Sahru (163 - 165)
• Ma'nu VIII bar Ma'nu (165 - 167)
• Abgar VIII (167 - 177)
• Abgar IX (the great) (177 - 212)
• Abgar X Severus bar Ma'nu (212 - 214)