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On June 26, 1975, the reservation was the site of an armed confrontation between American Indian Movement (AIM) activists and the US Federal Bureau of Investigation in an event which became known as the Pine Ridge Shootout. It resulted the death of two FBI agents and the conviction of the AIM member Leonard Peltier.
The reservation is also the setting from the movie Smoke Signals and the book On the Rez by Ian Frazier.