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2 Modern usage 3 Related articles |
The word became international after 1881-1884 wave of Jewish pogroms swept southern Russia, causing world-wide outcry and propelling mass Jewish emigration. According to the records of the history of the Jews in the United States, the Jewish immigration from Russia increased drastically in these years, totalling to about 2 million of Russian Jews in period 1880-1920. At least some of pogroms are believed to be organized or supported by the Russian okhranka. Although no hard evidence is presented so far, such facts as the indifference of Russian police and army was duly noted, e.g., during the three-day First Kishinev pogrom of 1903, as well as the preceding inciting anti-Jewish articles in newspapers, a hint that pogroms were in line with the internal policy of the Imperial Russia.
Many pogroms accompanied the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the following Russian Civil War. On one hand, wealthy Jews shared the fate of other wealthy people of Russia. On the other hand, Jewish settlements have undergone pogroms by the White Army, acted in the accord with their "Jewish-Bolshevik plot" view of the Russian Revolution, derived from active Jewish participation in Bolshevik movement.
The organization of Jewish self-defence have stopped the pogromists in certain areas during the second Kishinev pogrom.
The History of anti-Semitism lists a number of Jewish pogroms in various countries.
Other peoples suffered this kind of ill fate, at various times and in different countries. Therefore this word is seen today to be used in contexts other than Jews in Russia. For example, the Kristallnacht in Nazi Germany is now usually called Pogromnacht.
Modern examples of pogroms against other nationals include those of
History of the Jews in Russia and Soviet Union - anti-Semitism - Race riot - Armenian genocide
History
Modern usage
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