Attitudes toward the basis of qigong vary markedly. One view which is one taken by most Western medical practioners, many practioners of traditional Chinese medicine, as well as the Chinese government views qigong simply as a set of breathing and movement exercises, with many possible benefits to health through stress reduction and exercise. Others see qigong in more metaphysical terms, claiming that breathing and movement exercises can influence the fundamental forces of the universe. An extreme form of the latter view was advocated by some participants in the Boxer Rebellion of the late 19th century who believed that breathing and movement exercises would allow them to ward off bullets.

Table of contents

1 History 2 Uses 3 Beliefs 4 Criticism of Qigong 5 Controversies within Qigong 6 See also 7 External links

History

• In ancient China, people came to believe that through certain body movements and mental concentration, combined with various breathing techniques, they could balance and enhance physical, metabolic and mental functions. These movements were likely based on the imitation of various animals as part of shamanic practices. This research was passed down and refined according to teacher-disciple relationships of lineage or apprenticeship. This accumulated body of traditional knowledge is known as Chinese traditional qigong.

• In later centuries, these practices became more standardized, very often associated with religious practitioners. For example, incense burning was originally used to measure time and also to repel insects during qigong practice, and eventually became an important part of the meditative process itself. Over time, new forms of qigong were created and passed down through various schools; Taoist, Buddhist, Confucian, Neo-Confucian, Chinese medicine, and the traditional Chinese martial arts.

• In the 1970s, researchers began studying qigong using the scientific method, with peer-reviewed and controlled studies of various techniques to provide a scientific evaluation of claims for the efficacy of qigong.

Yan Xin, founder of Yan Xin Qigong, believes that in order for qigong to be accepted by the modern world it must pass the test of scientific study. Without such studies, Yan maintains that qigong will be dismissed as "superstition". In the mid-1980s he and others began systematic study of qigong in some research institutions in China. More than 20 papers [1] [1] [1] [1] have been published.

After years of debate, the Chinese government has decided to officially manage qigong through government regulations in 1996 and has also listed qigong as part of the National Health Plan.

Beliefs

Qigong is often connected with spirituality in much the same way that some martial arts, particularly gong fu are intimately related with spiritual philosophies. This link is much stronger than with other techniques in traditional Chinese medicine. Qigong was practiced extensively in Taoist and Buddhist monasteries, as were martial arts, and the claimed benefits of martial qigong practice are well known in East Asian martial traditions. As well, the traditional teaching methods of most qigong schools (at least in Asia) descend from the strict teacher-disciple relationship conventions inherited in Chinese culture from Confucianism.

In some styles of qigong, it is taught that human mind and nature are inseparable. According to this philosophy, access to higher energy states, ability to manipulate matter outside of the conventional laws of physics and access to information unavailable otherwise is possible through the principle of accumulating virtue (de or te, see Tao Te Ching). Accumulating virtue could be described as a process in which one harmonizes with the universe, or recognizes that one was never out of harmony, by the energy made available after choosing and implementing what are seen as positive lifestyle choices and practicing specific qigong techniques for ameliorating the effects of previous choices which may have been less virtuous.

It is claimed that the level of an individual's qigong accomplishment is fundamentally dependent upon the level of their virtue. Therefore in qigong, the practitioner's focus on virtue is an extremely important technical requirement, especially in the advanced levels. Without such continuous cultivation of virtue, one will not be able to achieve a highly relaxed and tranquil mind/body state.

Criticism of Qigong

Much of the criticism of qigong involves its method of operation. Both traditional Chinese and Western medicine practioners have little argument with the notion that qigong can improve health by encouraging movement, increasing relaxation, and improving joint flexibility. However, the benefits of qigong become much more controversial when it is asserted that qigong derives its benefits from qi acting as a external non-physical force. Most biologists and physicists are skeptical of these claims and see no reason to believe that qi exists in this manner.

Some proponents of qigong make the controversial claim that they can directly detect and manipulate this energy, but there are those who insist that they can only demonstrate this to fellow believers. Others, including many traditional Chinese practioners, believe that qi can be viewed as a metaphor for biological processes, and the effectiveness of qigong can also be explained in terms more familiar to Western medicine such as stress reduction.

Controversies within Qigong

In the 1980s and 1990s, the increasing popularity of qigong and related practices led to the establishment of many groups and methods in China and elsewhere which have been viewed in a critical light by more traditional qigong practitioners as well as skeptical outside observers. In this view, a large number of people started studying qigong under inadequate supervision, indeed, perhaps the majority of people today who study qigong study from books or video without any supervision by a teacher. This can lead to several problems, according to those who view themselves as representative of more orthodox schools. They say unbalanced circulation of inner energies leads to unbalanced effects on the various systems of the body, both mental and physical. Stories are told of people gradually developing chronic mental and physical health problems as a result of such training.

This popularity also led to increased attention for quasi-religious groups teaching styles of qigong in an atmosphere of overt spirituality. As mentioned above, qigong has been associated in China with Taoist and Buddhist meditation practices for two thousand years, and this association has been exploited, according to traditionalists, by many would be cult leaders. Perhaps the parade example of a group promoting a New Age-like synthesis of spirituality with their qigong is the school known popularly as Falun Gong, whose worldwide popularity grew to the point that the communist Chinese government banned their practice outright in the late 1990s.

See also

• Physics
• Metaphysics
• Religion
• Buddhism in China
• I Ching
• Tai Chi Chuan
• Mythology
• Yoga
• mind-body problem
• placebo effect