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358 BC
Illyrians defeated by Philip II of Macedonia.
312 BC
King Glaucius of Illyria expels Greeks from Durrės.
229 BC and 219 BC
Roman soldiers overrun Illyrian settlements in Neretva River
valley.
165 BC
Roman forces capture Illyria's King Gentius at Shkodėr.
AD 9
Romans, under Emperor Tiberius, subjugate Illyrians and
divide present-day Albania between Dalmatia, Epirus, and
Macedonia.
AD 395
Roman Empire's division into eastern and western parts
leaves the lands that now comprise Albania administratively
under the Eastern Empire but ecclesiastically under Rome.
4th century - seventh century
Goths, Huns, Avars, Serbs, Croats, and Bulgars successively
invade Illyrian lands in present-day Albania.
732
Illyrian people subordinated to the patriarchate of
Constantinople by the Byzantine emperor, Leo the Isaurian.
1054
Christianity divides into Catholic and Orthodox churches,
leaving Christians in southern Albania under ecumenical
patriarch of Constantinople and those in northern Albania
under pope in Rome.
1081
Albania and Albanians mentioned, for the first time in a
historical record, by Byzantine emperor.
12th century
Serbs occupy parts of northern and eastern Albania.
1204
Venice wins control over most of Albania, but Byzantines
regain control of southern portion and establish Despotate
of Epirus.
1272
Forces of the King of Naples occupy Durrės and establish an
Albanian kingdom.
1385
Albanian ruler of Durrės invites Ottoman forces to intervene
against a rival; subsequently, Albanian clans pay tribute
and swear fealty to Ottomans.
1389
At Kosovo Polje, Albanians join Serbian-led Balkan army that
is crushed by Ottoman forces; coordinated resistance to
Ottoman westward progress evaporates.
1403
Gjergj Kastrioti born, later becomes Albanian national hero
known as Skanderbeg.
1443
After losing a battle near Nis, Skanderbeg defects from
Ottoman Empire, reembraces Roman Catholicism, and begins
holy war against the Ottomans.
1444
Skanderbeg proclaimed chief of Albanian resistance.
1449
Albanians, under Skanderbeg, rout Ottoman forces under
Sultan Murad II.
1468
Skanderbeg dies.
1478
Krujė falls to Ottoman Turks; Shkodėr falls a year later.
Subsequently, many Albanians flee to southern Italy, Greece,
Egypt, and elsewhere; many remaining are forced to convert
to Islam.
17th century - 18th century
About two-thirds of Albanians convert to Islam.
1830
1000 Albanian leaders invited to meet with Ottoman general
who kills about half of them.
1835
Ottoman Sublime Porte divides Albanian-populated lands into
vilayets of Janina and Rumelia with Ottoman
administrators.
1861
First school known to use Albanian language in modern times
opens in Shkodėr.
1877-1878
Russia's defeat of Ottoman Empire seriously weakens Ottoman
power over Albanian-populated areas.
1878
Treaty of San Stefano, signed after the Russo-Turkish War,
assigned Albanian-populated lands to Bulgaria, Montenegro,
and Serbia; but Austria-Hungary and Britain block the
treaty's implementation. Albanian leaders meet in Prizren,
Kosovo, to form the Prizren League, initially advocating a
unified Albania under Ottoman suzerainty. During the
Congress of Berlin, the Great Powers overturn the Treaty of
San Stefano and divide Albanian lands among several states.
The Prizren League begins to organize resistance to the
Treaty of Berlin's provisions that affect Albanians.
1879
Society for Printing of Albanian Writings, composed of Roman
Catholic, Muslim, and Orthodox Albanians, founded in
Constantinople.
1881
Ottoman forces crush Albanian resistance fighters at
Prizren. Prizren League's leaders and families arrested and
deported.
1897
Ottoman authorities disband a reactivated Prizren League,
execute its leader later, then ban Albanian language books.
1908
Albanian intellectuals meet in Bitola and choose the Latin
alphabet as standard script rather than Arabic or Cyrillic.
1912
May
October
November
December
1913
May
August
1914
March
September
1918
November
December
June
1920
January
February
September
December
1921
November
December
1922
August
September
1923
Albania's Sunni Muslims break last ties with Constantinople
and pledge primary allegiance to native country.
1924
March
July
December
1925
May
1926
November
1928
August
1931
Zog, standing up to Italians, refuses to renew the First
Treaty of Tiranė; Italians continue political and economic
pressure.
1934
After Albania signs trade agreements with Greece and
Yugoslavia, Italy suspends economic support, then attempts
to threaten Albania.
1935
Mussolini presents a gift of 3,000,000 gold francs to
Albania; other economic aid follows.
1939
March
October Italian army attacks Greece through Albania.
October Josip Broz Tito, Yugoslav communist leader, directs
organizing of Albanian communists.
November Albanian Communist Party founded; Enver Hoxha becomes first
secretary.
September 16, 1942
At the Peza Conference, the National Liberation Movement is established.
October 1942
1943
August
September
German forces invade and occupy Albania.
1944
January
May 1944
July 1944
October 1944
November 1944
December 1944
1945
January
April
August
sending supplies to Albania.
November
December
Spring
People's Assembly adopts new constitution, Hoxha becomes
prime minister, foreign minister, defense minister, and
commander-in-chief; Soviet-style central planning begins.
July
October
November
1947
April
May
July
1948
February-March
June
September
November
1949
January
February
December
1950
Britain and United States begin inserting anticommunist
Albanian guerrilla units into Albania; all are unsuccessful.
July
1951
February
1954
July
1955
May
1956
February
1959
Large amounts of economic aid from Soviet Union, East
European countries, and China begin pouring into Albania.
May
1960
June
November
1961
February
December
1962
Albanian regime introduces austerity program in attempt to
compensate for withdrawal of Soviet economic support; China
incapable of delivering sufficient aid; Albania becomes
China's spokesman at UN.
1964
Hoxha hails Khrushchev's removal as leader of the Soviet
Union; diplomatic relations fail to improve.
1966
February
March
1967
Hoxha regime conducts violent campaign to extinguish
religious life in Albania; by year's end over two thousand
religious buildings were closed or converted to other uses.
1968
August
1976
September
December
1977
Top military officials purged after "Chinese conspiracy" is
uncovered.
1978
July
1980
Hoxha selects Ramiz Alia as the next party head, bypassing
Shehu.
1981
December
1982
November
1983
Hoxha begins semiretirement; Alia starts administering
Albania.
1985
April
1986
November
1987
August
November
1989
September
April
May
May
Summer
Unemployment throughout the economy increases as a result of
government's reform measures; drought reduces electric-
power production, forcing plant shutdowns.
July
August
September
October
December
1991
January
March
March-April
April
June
United States secretary of state, James A. Baker, visits
Albania.
July
August
October
December
1992
February
March 22 and 29
April 3
April 16
June
Mid-July
July 26
Mid-September
November 3
December
January 27
February
March
April
April 25
May
July
July 30
August
September
September
October
BCE
1000 BC
Illyrians, descendants of ancient Indo-European peoples,
settled in western part of the Balkan Peninsula.1 AD-1400 AD
1st century AD
Christianity comes to Illyrian populated areas.15th Century
17th Century
Early 17th century
Some Albanians who convert to Islam find careers in Ottoman
Empire's government and military service.18th Century
1785
Kara Mahmud Bushati, chief of Albanian tribe based in
Shkodėr, attacks Montenegrin territory; subsequently named
governor of Shkodėr by Ottoman authorities.19th century
1822
Albanian leader Ali Pasha of Tepelenė assassinated by
Ottoman agents for promoting an autonomous state.20th Century
1900-1918
1906
Albanians begin joining the Committee of Union and Progress
(Young Turks), which formed in Constantinople, hoping to
gain autonomy for their nation within the Ottoman Empire.
Albanians rise against the Ottoman authorities and seize
Skopje.
First Balkan War begins, and Albanian leaders affirm Albania
as an independent state.
Muslim and Christian delegates at Vlorė declare Albania
independent and establish a provisional government.
Ambassadorial conference opens in London and discusses
Albania's fate.
Treaty of London ends First Balkan War. Second Balkan War
begins.
Treaty of Bucharest ends Second Balkan War. Great Powers
recognize an independent Albanian state ruled by a
constitutional monarchy.
Prince Wilhelm, German army captain, installed as head of
the new Albanian state by the International Control
Commission, arrives in Albania.
New Albanian state collapses following outbreak of World War
I; Prince Wilhelm is stripped of authority and departs from
Albania.
World War I ends, with Italian army occupying most of
Albania and Serbian, Greek and French force occupying
remainder. Italian and Yugoslav powers begin struggle for
dominance over Albanians.
Albanian leaders meet at Durrės to discuss presentation of
Albania's interests at the Paris Peace Conference.1919-1939
1919
January
Serbs attack Albania's inhabited cities. Albanians adopt
guerrilla warfare.
Albania denied official representation at the Paris Peace
Conference; British, French, and Greek negotiators later
decide to divide Albania among Greece, Italy, and
Yugoslavia.
Albanian leaders meeting at Lushnjė reject the partitioning
of Albania by the Treaty of Paris, warn that Albanians will
take up arms in defense of their territory, and create a
bicameral parliament.
Albanian government moves to Tiranė, which becomes the
capital.
Albania forces Italy to withdraw its troops and abandon
territorial claims to almost all Albanian territory.
Albania admitted to League of Nations as sovereign and
independent state.
Yugoslav troops invade Albanian territories they had not
previously occupied; League of Nations commission forces
Yugoslav withdrawal and reaffirms Albania's 1913 borders.
Popular Party, headed by Xhafer Ypi, forms government with
Ahmed Zogu, the future King Zog, as internal affairs
minister.
Ecumenical patriarch in Constantinople recognizes the
Autocephalous Albanian Orthodox Church.
Zogu assumes position of prime minister of government;
opposition to him becomes formidable.
Zogu's party wins elections for National Assembly, but Zogu
steps down after financial scandal and an assassination
attempt.
A peasant-backed insurgency wins control of Tiranė; Fan S.
Noli becomes prime minister; Zogu flees to Yugoslavia.
Zogu, backed by Yugoslav army, returns to power and begins
to smother parliamentary democracy; Noli flees to Italy.
Italy, under Mussolini, begins penetration of Albanian
public and economic life.
Italy and Albania sign First Treaty of Tiranė, which
guarantees Zogu's political position and Albania's
boundaries.
Zogu pressures the parliament to dissolve itself; a new
constituent assembly declares Albania a kingdom and Zogu
becomes Zog I, "King of the Albanians."1939-1945
April In the beginning of April, the Albanian army mobilizes.
1940 The constitution of Albania is voided. A local Fascist party is established. The Albanian army is merged in the Italian army. The National Assembly and the government are subject to the Italian viceroy and his officials. Italy wins the support of a part of Albanians by defending Albania's claims to Kosovo and Ēamėria.
1941
April Germany, with support of Italy and other allies defeat
Greece and Yugoslavia.
December
1942
September 1942
The Albanian Communist Party organizes the National Liberation Movement,
a popular front resistance organization.
Noncommunist nationalist groups form to resist the Italian
occupation.
Italy's surrender to Allied forces weakens Italian hold on
Albania; Albanian resistance fighters overwhelm five Italian
divisions.
The Communist partisans, supplied with British weapons, gain
control of the southern Albania.
The Communists meet to organize an Albanian government; Hoxha
becomes chairman of executive committee and supreme
commander of the National Liberation Army.
The Communist forces enter central and northern Albania.
The Communists establish a provisional government with Hoxha as
prime minister.
The Germans withdraw from Tiranė, the Communists move into the
capital.
The Communist provisional government adopts laws allowing state
regulation of commercial enterprises, foreign and domestic
trade.
Communist provisional government agrees to restore Kosovo to
Yugoslavia as an autonomous region; tribunals begin to
condemn thousands of "war criminals" and "enemies of the
people" to death or to prison. Communist regime begins to
nationalize industry, transportation, forests, pastures.
Yugoslavia recognizes communist government in Albania.
Sweeping agricultural reforms begin; about half of arable
land eventually redistributed to peasants from large
landowners; most church properties nationalized. United
Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration begins
Soviet Union recognizes provisional government; Britain and
United States make full diplomatic recognition conditional.
In elections for the People's Assembly only candidates from
the Democratic Front are on ballot.1946-1989
1946
January
People's Assembly proclaims Albania a "people's republic";
purges of noncommunists from positions of power in
government begins.
Treaty of friendship and cooperation signed with Yugoslavia;
Yugoslav advisers and grain begin pouring into Albania.
British destroyers hit mines off Albania's coast; United
Nations (UN) and the International Court of Justice
subsequently condemn Albania.
Albania breaks diplomatic relations with the United States
after latter withdraws its informal mission.
Economic Planning Commission draws up first economic plan
that established production targets for mining,
manufacturing and agricultural enterprises.
UN commission concludes that Albania, together with Bulgaria
and Yugoslavia, supports communist guerrillas in Greece;
Yugoslav leaders launch verbal offensive against anti-
Yugoslav Albanian communists, including Hoxha; pro-Yugoslav
faction begins to wield power.
Albania refuses participation in the Marshall Plan of the
United States.
Albanian Communist Party leaders vote to merge Albanian and
Yugoslav economies and militaries.
Cominform expels Yugoslavia; Albanian leaders launch anti-
Yugoslav propaganda campaign, cut economic ties, and force
Yugoslav advisers to leave; Stalin becomes national hero in
Albania.
Hoxha begins purging high-ranking party members accused of
"Titoism"; treaty of friendship with Yugoslavia abrogated by
Albania; Soviet Union begins giving economic aid to Albania
and Soviet advisers replace ousted Yugoslavs.
First Party Congress changes name of Albanian Communist
Party to Albanian Party of Labor.
Regime issues Decree on Religious Communities.
Albania joins Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
(Comecon); all foreign trade conducted with member
countries.
Pro-Tito Albanian communists purged.
A new constitution is approved by People's Assembly. Hoxha
becomes minister of defense and foreign minister.
Albania and Soviet Union sign agreement on mutual economic
assistance.
Hoxha relinquishes post of prime minister to Mehmet Shehu
but retains primary power as party leader.
Albania becomes a founding member of the Warsaw Pact.
After Nikita Khrushchev's "secret speech" exposes Stalin's
crimes, Hoxha defends Stalin; close relations with Soviet
Union become strained.
Khrushchev visits Albania.
Albania sides with China in Sino-Soviet ideological dispute;
consequently Soviet economic support to Albania is curtailed
and Chinese aid is increased.
Hoxha rails against Khrushchev and supports China during an
international communist conference in Moscow.
Hoxha harangues against the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia at
Albania's Fourth Party Congress.
Soviet Union breaks diplomatic relations; other East
European countries severely reduce contacts but do not break
relations; Albania looks toward China for support.
Hoxha initiates Cultural and Ideological Revolution.
Albanian Party of Labor "open letter" to the people
establishes egalitarian wage and job structure for all
workers.
Albania condemns Soviet-led invasion of Czechoslovakia,
subsequently Albania withdraws from Warsaw Pact.
Hoxha begins criticizing new Chinese regime after Mao's
death.
A new constitution promulgated superceeding the 1950
version; Albania becomes a people's socialist republic.
China terminates all economic and military aid to Albania.
Shehu, after rebuke by Politburo, dies, possibly murdered on
Hoxha's orders.
Alia becomes chairman of Presidium of the People's Assembly.
Hoxha dies.
Alia featured as party's and country's undisputed leader at
Ninth Party Congress.
Greece ends state of war that existed since World War II.
Albania and Greece sign a series of long-term agreements.
Alia, addressing the Eighth Plenum of the Central Committee,
signals that radical changes to the economic system are
necessary.
1990-Present
1990
January
Ninth Plenum of the Central Committee; demonstrations at
Shkodėr force authorities to declare state of emergency.
Alia declares willingness to establish diplomatic relations
with the Soviet Union and the United States.
The Secretary General of the UN visits Albania.
Regime announces desire to join the Conference on Security
and Cooperation in Europe. People's Assembly passes laws
liberalizing criminal code, reforming court system, lifting
some restrictions on freedom of worship, and guaranteeing
the right to travel abroad.
Young people demonstrate against regime in Tiranė, and 5,000
citizens seek refuge in foreign embassies; Central Committee
plenum makes significant changes in leadership of party and
state. Soviet Union and Albania sign protocol normalizing
relations.
Government abandons its monopoly on foreign commerce and
begins to open Albania to foreign trade.
Alia addresses the UN General Assembly in New York.
Tiranė hosts the Balkan Foreign Ministers' Conference, the
first international political meeting in Albania since the
end of World War II. Ismail Kadare, Albania's most prominent
writer, defects to France.
University students demonstrate in streets and call for
dictatorship to end; Alia meets with students; Thirteenth
Plenum of the Central Committee of the APL authorizes a
multiparty system; Albanian Democratic Party, first
opposition party established; regime authorizes political
pluralism; draft constitution is published; by year's end,
5,000 Albanian refugees had crossed the mountains into
Greece.
First opposition newspaper Rilindja Demokratike begins
publishing. Thousands of Albanians seek refuge in Greece.
Albania and the United States reestablish diplomatic
relations after a thirty-five year break. Thousands more
Albanians attempt to gain asylum in Italy.
First multiparty elections held since the 1920s; 98.9
percent of voters participated; Albanian Party of Labor wins
over 67 percent of vote for People's Assembly seats;
Albanian Democratic Party wins about 30 percent.
Communist-dominated People's Assembly reelects Alia to new
presidential term. Ministry of Internal Affairs replaced by
Ministry of Public Order; Frontier Guards and Directorate of
Prison Administration are placed under the Ministry of
Defense and the Ministry of Justice, respectively. People's
Assembly passes Law on Major Constitutional Provisions
providing for fundamental human rights and separation of
powers and invalidates 1976 constitution. People's Assembly
appoints commission to draft new constitution.
Prime Minister Nano and rest of cabinet resign after trade
unions call for general strike to protest worsening economic
conditions and killing of opposition demonstrators in
Shkodėr. Coalition government led by Prime Minister Ylli
Buti takes office; Tenth Party Congress of the Albanian
Party of Labor meets and renames party the Socialist Party
of Albania (SPA); Albania accepted as a full member of CSCE;
Sigurimi, notorious secret police, is abolished and replaced
by National Information Service.
Up to 18,000 Albanians cross the Adriatic Sea to seek asylum
in Italy; most are returned. People's Assembly passes law on
economic activity that authorizes private ownership of
property, privatizing of state property, investment by
foreigners, and private employment of workers.
United States Embassy opens in Tiranė. Albania joins
International Monetary Fund.
Coalition government dissolves when opposition parties
accuse communists of blocking reform and Albanian Democratic
Party withdraws its ministers from the cabinet. Prime
Minister Bufi resigns and Alia names Vilson Ahmeti as prime
minister. Alia sets March 1992 for new elections.
The People's Assembly prevents OMONIA, the party representing Greek Albanians, from fielding candidates in the elections planned for March.
In the midst of economic freefall and social chaos, a decisive electoral victory is won by the anticommunist opposition led by the Democratic Party. The Democrats win 62% of the votes and achieve an overall majority with 92 of the 140 seats in the parliament. The Socialists, with 26% of the vote, win 38 seats. Turnout is 90%.
Alia resigns as president and is succeeded on April 9 by Sali Berisha, the first democratic leader of Albania since Bishop Noli. The first non-Communist government, headed by Aleksander Meksi, is elected on April 13. Its stated priority is to establish law and order to transform the paralyzed economy through a reform program emphasizing a free-market economy and privatization.
Eduard Selami is elected chairman of the Democratic Party.
Albania signs the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Pact with ten other countries, including six former Soviet republics.
The Albanian Communist Party is outlawed, and its chairman, Hysni Milloshi, is arrested in Tiranė and charged with illegally carrying a gun.
Four months after its March defeat, the Socialist Party makes impressive gains in the country's first democratic local elections. The Democratic Party wins 43.2% of the vote, compared to 41.3% cast for the Socialists. Continued economic hardships, general apathy, and a split within the Democratic Party contributed to its poor showing. It holds local administrative control in most large cities, while the Socialists control much of the countryside.
Former President Alia is detained, joining eighteen other former communist officials, including Nexhmije Hoxha, who are charged with corruption and other offenses.
The split in the Democratic Party grows into a rift when a group of reform-minded Democrats break away and form a new party, the Democratic Alliance.
Albania is granted membership of the Organization of the Islamic Conference and in the same month applies to join NATO, becoming the first former Warsaw Pact country formally to seek membership in the Western alliance.
Nexhmije Hoxha is sentenced to nine years' imprisonment, having been found guilty of embezzling state funds.
Former prime minister Vilson Ahmeti is placed under house arrest, following charges of corruption.
The secretary-general of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization visits Tiranė.
Albania recognizes the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.
Pope John Paul II makes a historic visit. (The last pope to travel to Albania - in 1464 - died en route.)
Nexhmije Hoxha's prison sentence is increased by two years.
Albania expels a Greek Orthodox cleric, who is alleged to have distributed maps showing southern Albania as Greek territory. Greece subsequently deports thousands of illegal Albanian migrant workers.
The leader of the Socialist Party, former prime minister Nano, is arrested on allegations of abuse of power.
Alia is arrested on charges of abuse of power.
Ahmeti is sentenced to two years' imprisonment.
President Berisha and President Momir Bulatovic of Montenegro meet in Tiranė to discuss ways of improving Albanian-Montenegrin relations.
Greece recalls its ambassador for consultations after a series of border incidents and alleged human rights abuses in Albania.
Reference
Data as of 1993. Much of the material in this articles comes from the Library of Congress Country Studies website.See also
External links