Table of contents

1 Classical ciphers 2 Famous ciphertexts 3 Attacks on classical ciphers 4 Hash functions, aka message digest functions, cryptographic hash functions 5 Public key / private key encryption algorithms (aka asymmetric key algorithms) 6 Public key / private key signature algorithms 7 Key authentication 8 Anonymous identification scheme 9 Secret key algorithms (aka symmetric key algorithms) 10 Breaking ciphers 11 Weak key issues 12 Key transport/exchange 13 Pseudo-random number generators 14 Anonymous communication 15 Terminology 16 Cryptographers 17 Uses of cryptographic techniques 18 Misc 19 Free/Open Source crypto systems (ie, algorithms + protocols + system design)

Classical ciphers

• Autokey cipher
• Permutation cipher
• Playfair cipher

• Polyalphabetic substitution
  • Hill cipher
  • Vigenère cipher

• Substitution ciphers
  • Caesar cipher
  • Affine cipher
  • Atbash cypher

• Transposition ciphers
  • Scytale
  • grille cypher
  • VIC cipher (complex hand cypher used by at least one Soviet spy in the early 1950s -- it proved quite secure for the time)

• See Famous ciphertexts

• Frequency analysis
• Index of coincidence

• Cryptographic hash function
• Message authentication code
• Keyed-hash message authentication code
  • EMAC (NESSIE selection MAC)
  • HMAC (NESSIE selection MAC; ISO/IEC 9797-1, FIPS and IETF RFC)
  • TTMAC aka Two-Track-MAC (NESSIE selection MAC; K.U.Leuven (Belgium) & debis AG (Germany))
  • UMAC (NESSIE selection MAC; Intel, UNevada Reno, IBM, Technion, & UCal Davis)
• MD5 (one of a series of message digest algorithms by Prof Ron Rivest of MIT; 128 bit digest)
• SHA-1 (developed at NSA 160-bit digest, an FIPS standard; the first released version was defective and replaced by this; NIST/NSA has released several variants with longer 'digest' lengths)
• SHA-256 (NESSIE selection hash function, FIPS 180-2, 256 bit digest)
• SHA-384 (NESSIE selection hash function, FIPS 180-2, 384 bit digest)
• SHA-512 (NESSIE selection hash function, FIPS 180-2, 512 bit digest)
• RIPEMD-160 (developed in Europe for the RIPE project, 160-bit digest)
• TIGER (by Ross Anderson et al)
• SNERFU
• Whirlpool (NESSIE selection hash function, Scopus Tecnologia S.A. (Brazil) & K.U.Leuven (Belgium))

• ACE-KEM (NESSIE selection asymmetric encryption scheme; IBM Zurich Research)
  • ACE Encrypt
• Chor-Rivest
• Diffie-Hellman
• El Gamal
• Elliptic curve cryptography
  • PSEC-KEM (NESSIE selection asymmetric encryption scheme; NTT (Japan))
  • ECIES (Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption System; Certicom Corp)
  • ECIES-KEM
• EPOC
• Merkle-Hellman
• McEliece
• NTRUEncrypt
• RSA
  • RSA-KEM (NESSIE selection asymmetric encryption scheme; ISO/IEC 18033-2 draft)
  • RSA-OAEP
• Rabin cryptosystem
  • Rabin-SAEP
  • HIME(R)
• XTR

• Digital Signature Algorithm (from NSA, part of the Digital Signature Standard (DSS))
• Elliptic Curve DSA (NESSIE selection digital signature scheme; Certicom Corp)
• Schnorr signatures
• RSA signatures
  • RSA-PSS (NESSIE selection digital signature scheme; RSA Laboratories)
• Nyberg-Rueppel signatures
• MQV protocol
• Gennaro-Halevi-Rabin signature scheme
• Cramer-Shoup signature scheme
• One-time signatures
  • Lamport signature scheme
  • Bos-Chaum signature scheme
• Undeniable signatures
  • Chaum-van Antwerpen signature scheme
• Fail-stop signatures
• Ong-Schnorr-Shamir signature scheme
• Birational permutation scheme
• ESIGN
  • ESIGN-D
  • ESIGN-R
• Direct anonymous attestation
• NTRUSign
• SFLASH (NESSIE selection digital signature scheme (esp for smartcard applications and similar); Schlumberger (France))
• QUARTZ

• Key authentication
• Public key infrastructure
  • X.509
• Public key certificate
  • Certificate authority
  • Certificate Revocation List
• ID-based cryptography
• Certificate-based encryption
• Secure Key Issuing Cryptography
• Certificateless Cryptography

• GPS (NESSIE selection anonymous identification scheme; Ecole Normale Supérieure, France Télécom, & La Poste)

• Stream ciphers
  • A5/1, A5/2 (cyphers specified for the GSM cellular telephone standard)
  • BMGL
  • Chameleon
  • FISH
  • HELIX
  • ISAAC (intended as a PRNG)
  • Leviathan
  • LILI-128
  • One-time pad (Vernam and Mauborgne, patented mid-'20s; at the boundary of stream cyphers)
  • Panama
  • Pike
  • RC4 cipher (one of a series by Prof Ron Rivest of MIT)
  • SEAL
  • SNOW
  • SOBER
    • SOBER-t16
    • SOBER-t32
  • Wake

• Block ciphers
  • Block cipher modes of operation
  • Product cipher
  • Feistel cipher
  • Advanced Encryption Standard (NIST selection for the AES, FIPS 197, 2001 -- by Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen; also NESSIE selection for 128-bit block cypher)
  • Anubis (128-bit block)
  • Blowfish (by Bruce Schneier, et al)
  • Camellia (NESSIE selection, 128-bit block cypher; NTT & Mitsubishi Electric)
  • CAST5 (one of a series of algorithms by Carlisle Adams and Stafford Tavares; they are adamant however that the name is not due to their initials)
  • CS-Cipher (64 bit block)
  • Data Encryption Standard (DES, FIPS 46-3, 1976)
  • Grand Cru (128 bit block)
  • Hierocrypt-3 (128 bit block)
  • Hierocrypt-L1 (64 bit block)
  • International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA -- J Massey and X Lai of ETH Zurich)
  • Iraqi Block Cipher (IBC)
  • KASUMI (64-bit block)
  • Khazad (64-bit block)
  • Lucifer cipher (by Tuchman et al of IBM, early 1970s; modified by NSA/NBS and released as DES)
  • Mars (AES finalist, by Don Coppersmith et al)
  • MISTY1 (NESSIE selection 64-bit block; Mitsubishi Electric (Japan))
  • Nimbus (64 bit block)
  • Noekeon (128 bit block)
  • NUSH (variable block length (64 - 256 bits))
  • Q (128 bit block)
  • RC6 (AES finalist, by Ron Rivest et al; variable block length)
  • RC5,
  • SAFER++64 (variable length block)
  • SC2000 (128 bit block)
  • Serpent (AES finalist, by Ross Anderson et al)
  • SHACAL-1 (256-bit block)
  • SHACAL-2 (NESSIE selection 256-bit block cypher; Gemplus (France))
  • 3-Way
  • Triple DES
  • Twofish (AES finalist; by Bruce Schneier, et al)

• Polyalphabetic substitution machine cyphers
  • Enigma (WWII German rotor cypher machine -- many variants, many user networks for most of the variants)
  • Purple (highest security WWII Japanese Foreign Office cypher machine)
  • SIGABA (WWII US cypher machine)
  • TypeX (WWII UK cypher machine)

• Hybrid code/cypher combinations
  • JN-25 (WWII Japanese Navy superencyphered code; many variants)
  • Naval Cypher 3 superencrypted code used by the Royal Navy in the 30s and into WWII

• Visual cryptography

• Passive attack
• Chosen plaintext attack
• Chosen ciphertext attack
• Adaptive chosen ciphertext attack
• Brute force attack
  • Cryptographic key length
  • Unicity distance
• Cryptanalysis
  • Meet-in-the-middle attack
  • differential cryptanalysis
  • linear cryptanalysis
  • slide attack cryptanalysis
  • algebraic cryptanalysis

• Brute force attack
• Dictionary attack
• Key derivation function

• BAN Logic
• Needham-Schroeder
• Otway-Rees
• Wide Mouth Frog
• Diffie-Hellman
• man-in-the-middle attack

• Blum Blum Shub
• Yarrow (by Schneier, et al)
• Fortuna (by Schneieir, et al)
• ISAAC
• PRNG

• Dining cryptographers protocol (by David Chaum)
• Anonymous remailer
• pseudonymity
• anonymous internet banking
• Onion Routing

• Cryptographic key
• Cipher
• Ciphertext
• Plaintext
• Code
• Tabula recta

• See List of cryptographers

• Commitment schemes
• Electronic voting
• Authentication
• Digital signatures

• Echelon
• Espionage
• IACR
• Ultra
• Security engineering
• SIGINT
• Steganography
• Cryptographers
• SSL
• Quantum Cryptography
• Crypto-anarchism
• Cypherpunk
• Key escrow
• Zero-knowledge proofs
• Random oracles
• Random oracle model

• PGP (a name for a crypto system shared by several programs, some of which, since acquisiton by Network Associates, have not been Free Software in the GNU sense)
• GPG (an open source implementation of the OpenPGP IETF standard crypto system)
• SSH (secure shell implementing cryptographically protected variants of several common Unix utilities, first developed as open source in Finland; there is now a SSH IETF standard as well as commercial implementations)
• IPSec (Internet Protocol Security IETF standard, a mandatory component of the IPv6 IETF standard)
• Free S/WAN (an open source implementation of IPSec)