| |
|
George Washington signed a congressional bill into law on July 27, 1789 (1 Stat. 28), creating an executive Department of Foreign Affairs headed by a Secretary of Foreign Affairs, whose position had existed since 1781 under the Articles of Confederation. Congress then passed another law giving certain additional domestic responsibilities to the new Department and changing its name to the Department of State and the name of head of the department to the Secretary of State, and Washington approved this act on September 15, 1789. The new domestic duties assigned to the newly renamed department were receipt, publication, distribution, and preservation of laws of the United States, custody of the Great Seal of the United States, authentication of copies and preparation of commissions of executive branch appointments, and finally custody of the books, papers, and records of the Continental Congress including the Constitution itself and the Declaration of Independence. Most domestic functions have been transferred to other agencies. Those that remain in the Department are: storage and use of the Great Seal, performance of protocol functions for the White House, drafting of certain Presidential proclamations, and replies to public inquiries.
In addition, the Secretary performs such duties as the President is required, in accordance with the United States Constitution, relating to correspondence, commission, or instructions to U.S. ministers or consuls abroad, and to conduct negotiations with foreign representatives. The Secretary has also served as principal adviser to the President in the determination and execution of U.S. foreign policy and in recent decades has become responsible for overall direction, coordination, and supervision of interdepartmental activities of the U.S. Government overseas, except for certain military activities.
As the highest ranking Cabinet member, the Secretary of State is fourth in line to succeed the Presidency, after the Vice President, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and President pro tempore of the Senate. (See the entire United States Presidential line of succession).
If the Secretary resigns, he is replaced by the United States Deputy Secretary of State who then becomes acting Secretary of State until the President and Congress approve a formal replacement.
| Name | Year | Acted from |
|---|---|---|
| John Jay | 1790 | March 4-22 |
| Timothy Pickering | 1795 | August 20 to December 9 |
| Charles Lee | 1800 | May 13 to June 5 |
| John Marshall | 1801 | February 4 to March 4 |
| Levi Lincoln | 1801 | March 5 to May 1 |
| John Graham | 1817 | March 4-9 |
| Richard Rush | 1817 | March 10 to September 22 |
| Daniel Brent | 1825 | March 4-7 |
| James A. Hamilton | 1829 | March 4-27 |
| Jacob L. Martin | 1841 | March 4-5 |
| Hugh S.Legaré | 1843 | May 9 to June 20 |
| William S. Derrick | 1843 | June 21-23 |
| Abel P. Upshur | 1843 | June 24 to July 23 |
| John Nelson | 1844 | February 29 to March 31, |
| Charles M. Conrad | 1852 | October 25 to November 5 |
| William Hunter | 1853, 1860 | March 4-7, December 15-16 |
| William F. Wharton | 1892, 1893 | June 4-29, February 24 to March 6 |
| Edwin F. Uhl | 1895 | May 28 to June 9 |
| Alvey A. Adee | 1898 | September 17-29 |
| Francis B. Loomis | 1905 | July 1-18 |
| Robert Lansing | 1915 | June 9-23 |
| Frank L. Polk | 1920 | February 14 to March 12 |
| Joseph C. Crew | 1945 | June 28 to July 3 |
| H. Freeman Matthews | 1953 | January 20-21 |
| Livingston T. Merchant | 1961 | January 20-21 |
| Charles E. Bohlen | 1969 | January 20-22 |
| Kenneth Rush | 1973 | September 3-22 |
| Philip C. Habib | 1977 | January 20-23 |
| Warren Christopher | 1980, 1980 | April 28 to May 2, May 4-8 |
| David Newsom | 1980 | May 2-3, May 3-4 |
| Richard N. Cooper | 1980 | May 3 |
| Walter J. Stoessel, Jr | 1982 | July 5-16 |
| Michael H. Armacost | 1989 | January 20-25 |
| Lawrence Eagleburger | 1992 | August 23, to December 8 |
| Arnold Lee Kantor | 1993 | January 20 |
| Frank G. Wisner | 1993 | January 20 |