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Le cricket est un sport d'équipe qui provient du Royaume-Uni. Il est populaire dans les pays du Commonwealth, où il est un des principaux sports d'été.
La partie se joue entre deux équipes de onze joueurs, sur un terrain ovale généralement en gazon. Il n'y a pas de dimensions fixes pour les terrains, mais la plupart des terrains dans le monde sont nettement plus grands en surface qu'un terrain de football. Les équipes sont normalement composées de joueurs ayant des qualités complémentaires : certain sont spécialisés en batting (??), d'autres en bowling (??), parfois dans les deux disciplines ; un joueur est particulièrement entraîné pour être gardien de wicket.
Au centre du terrain se trouve une piste dont le gazon est particulièrement soigné, appellée wicket]] ou pitch (dans certains cas le gazon est synthétique). À chaque extrémité du wicket, trois piquets alignés constituent les stumps. Les piquets sont distants les uns des autres au plus du diamètre d'une balle de cricket. Au sommet de chaque stump deux piquets plus petits, les bails, forment un ensemble de stumps ou un wicket (à ne pas confondre avec la première définition de ce mot). La distance généralement choisie entre les ensembles de stumps est de 22 yards. Un marquage au sol dessine la position des pitches, on l'appelle crease (littéralement : crayonnage, de la craie qui est couramment utilisée pour le réaliser). Le marquage devant chaque ensemble de stumps constitue le popping crease. Un autre marquage traverse les stumps : c'est le bowling crease. Enfin, un return crease marque les deux côtés des stumps le long des côtés du pitch.
Le jeu est arbitré par un duo d'arbitres nommés umpires, qui se tiennent sur le terrain. Ils peuvent se référer à un troisième umpire assisté d'un magnétoscope.
La durée des parties est variable (la plupart des parties durent un, trois ou cinq jours). Elle est influencée par le nombre de balles bowled. Les frappeurs (batsmen) jouent par paires, chacun avec une batte. Ils sont placés aux extrémités du wicket. L'équipe qui marque le plus de courses (runs) gagne la rencontre.
La rencontre est divisée en innings (périodes). Lors de chaque période, une équipe frappe (elle est alors dite in, et la période leur appartient, au sens du service en tennis) et l'autre équipe couvre le terrain. Le but de l'équipe in est de marquer le plus grand nombre de points (runs) avant que l'équipe adverse ne les en empêche. L'objectif de l'équipe défendante est de
ne laisser les frappeurs marquer qu'un nombre de points aussi petit que possible. Les deux batteurs de l'équipe au service (que l'on appelle batting pair) sont à chaque extrémité du wicket. Pour qu'une équipe soit all out, par conséquent, l'équipe défendante est de faire manquer leur coup à dix batteurs, le joueur restant étant appelé le not out.
Chaque période est subdivisée en manches (overs), qui consistent en six balles (autrefois, lorsque chaque pays décidait de la durée d'une manche, elles pouvaient aller de quatre à six balles selon les pays) envoyées à une extrémité du wicket. À la fin d'une manche, l'équipe défendante doit échanger les positions de ses envoyeurs et renvoyer la balle à l'autre bout du terrain, puis à l'autre membre du duo de batteurs.
Une rencontre peut être jouée à raison d'une période par équipe (notamment dans le cas des parties one-day ou en nombre de manches limité -limited overs-) or de deux manches par équipe (comme dans les rencontres de niveau national ou international).
La sortie des batteurs, aussi appelée prise de wicket, peut se produire de différentes manières.
The bowler only "gets credit" for bowled, leg before wicket, caught, stumped, and hit wicket. But, if the ball is a no ball, then the batsman cannot be out in any of these ways. The batsman can, however, be out run out, handled the ball, hit the ball twice, obstructing the field, or timed out on any ball.
"Runs" can be scored in a number of ways.
The batsman gets credit for "runs scored off his bat." A batsman who scores 100 runs in an innings is said to have scored a century, a respectable achievement in cricket. Similarly, players can score double centuries, triple centuries, quadruple centuries (never achieved in test cricket), or quintuple centuries (only achieved once in first class cricket). The batsman gets credit for runs scored as follows:
The laws of cricket are a set of rules framed by the Marylebone Cricket Club which serve to standardise the format of matches across the world to ensure uniformity and fairness.
Historically, they have always (since 1775) governed
The Marylebone Cricket Club is the framer of the Laws of Cricket, the rules governing play of the game. The Laws are intended apply to all two innings matches; the International Cricket Council has implemented "Standard Playing Conditions for Test Matches" and "Standard Playing Conditions for One Day Internationals" to augment the Laws of Cricket. Similarly, each cricketing country has implemented Playing Conditions to govern domestic cricket. Note that the Laws do not provide for One Day or Limited Overs cricket; these modifications have been made by the Playing Conditions for One Day Internationals.
The Laws are organized into a Preface, a Preamble, forty-two Laws, and four appendices. The Preface relates to the Marylebone Cricket Club and the history of the Laws. The Preamble is a new addition and is related to "the Spirit of the Game;" it was introduced to discourage the increasing practices of ungentlemanly conduct. The Laws themselves deal with the following:
The sport of cricket requires gentlemanly conduct from all players. Under the ICC regulations, players may be fined a percentage of the salary, banned for number of matches, or even banned for a number of years or life. The ICC appoints a Match Referee for each Test match and One-day International; the Referee has the power to set penalties for most offences, the exceptions being the more serious ones.
The following are the general categories of serious offences, carrying the highest penalties:
The format "Test cricket" - a form of international cricket - started in 1877 during the 1876/77 English cricket team's tour of Australia. The first test match began on 15th March, 1877 and had a timeless format with 4 balls per over. It ended on 19th March, 1877 with Australia winning by 45 runs.
Since then, over 1000 test matches have been played and the number of test match playing teams has increased to 10 with the 10th international team making its debut in 2000. Test matches are now played continuously over a period of 5 days with no rest day.
Modern day test cricket (since 1979/80) has been played all over the world with six balls per over. However, test cricket started with 4 balls per over and has had varying number of balls per over around the world upto 1979/80.
Balls per over
In England
First-class cricket is just like Test cricket, but it takes place over three days or more. Tests are technically first-class, but the term is usually used to describe domestic matches. Domestic competitions take place between regional, city, county, or state teams.
Due to the growing demands of commercial television for a shorter and more "dramatic," form of cricket, the experiment of one-day cricket was introduced. In one-day cricket, each team bats for only one innings, and it is limited to a number of overs, usually fifty in international matches. Since spectators did not need to commit five days of their time, due to innovations such as matches at night under floodlights, as well as the colored clothing (opposed to the somber white uniforms of Test cricketers), and finally because of the greater sense of urgency in the new form of the game, one-day cricket has gained many supporters. Meanwhile, many traditionalists have objected that Test cricket involves more strategy and encompasses all the aspects of the game, while one-day cricket, by limiting the number of overs, puts an undue emphasis on the quick scoring of runs. One-day cricket is not classified as first-class.
List A cricket is to one-day cricket as first-class is to tests. Most cricketing nations have some form of domestic List A competition. The over limits range from forty to sixty. The categorization of "List A" is not one endorsed by the ICC; the Association of Cricket Historians and Statisticians created it for the purpose of providing a parallel to first-class cricket in their record books.
Club cricket is amateur, but still formal, cricket. The games are almost always Limited Overs, with each innings usually lasting between thirty and forty-five overs. Club cricket is played extensively in cricketing nations, and also by immigrants of cricketing nations. Club cricket often takes place on an artificial turf pitch, though the rest of actual field may be natural grass.
"Beach cricket" is a term applied to all informal cricket, regardless of the actual location. The rules are often made up on the spot, and the subtle and complex laws of cricket, such as those involving Leg Before Wicket, penalty runs, and others, are ignored or modified.
The Test (that is major international match) teams are, in order of receiving such status, Australia, England, South Africa, West Indies, New Zealand, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe and Bangladesh. One nation, Kenya, has "one-day international status." While Kenya still cannot play test cricket, it is, like the test nations, exempt from qualifying tournaments for the World Cup
Additionally, the various cricket events include teams from Argentina, Canada, Chile, Hong Kong, Israel, Namibia, The Netherlands, Scotland, Singapore, and United States, although the game does not have a high profile in most of those countries.
The Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) has always been the Framer of the Laws of Cricket. However, the International Cricket Council (ICC) regulates international cricket. Each cricketing nation also has a body that selects international teams for that country as well as governs domestic competition. The bodies in the test playing nations are:
International cricket has no fixed form or structure. However, it has always been traditional for the countries, without any interference from a body such as the ICC, to organize for themselves the various cricket matches. Most Test matches and One-Day series take place in the form of "tours." In a tour, one nation travels to another and plays warm-up matches, first-class matches against domestic teams such as county or state teams, a series of test matches against the host nation, and either a series of one-day matches against the host nation or a tournament involving the host nation and another touring nation. The "triangular tournament" format is often used when one tour is about to conclude and the other has just begun. In the tournament, the three teams play each other either two or three times. The two teams with the most points (usually two points for a win, one point for a no-result or tie, and no points for a loss) qualify for the one-game final.
The test series can last from one match (known as a "one-off match") to six matches. Six-match series are extremely rare. Most important series last five matches, while the less important ones last two to four matches. The length of the series is based on the home country's attitude towards the modern form of cricket, one-day internationals; traditional nations such as England and Australia usually organize five-match series, while one-day crazy nations such as India favour three-match series. At most, a perpetual trophy such as The Ashes (for England versus Australia) or the Frank Worrell Trophy (for Australia versus the West Indies) exists, with the trophy being awarded to the last team to win a series.
The One-day series lasts from three to seven matches. Usually, the shorter one-day series are played at the same time as longer test series. In addition to tours, nations may organize one-day matches at neutral venues. The Sahara Cup was a one-day series played annually between India and Pakistan in Toronto, until the Indian government ordered the suspension of most cricketing ties with Pakistan. Similarly, a semiannual Triangular Tournament was organized at Sharjah, in the United Arab Emirates. The tournament almost always involved the traditional rivals India and Pakistan. However, the tournament has lost its luster due to the fact that the overwhelming number of cricket matches has spoiled the pitch. In contrast to the one-dayers, tests are never held in neutral venues. One notable recent exception occurred when Pakistan played some test matches in Sharjah; many other nations had decided to boycott Pakistani grounds due to violence, including bombings, that had occurred during a tour by the New Zealand cricket team.
In addition to the one-day series and tournaments organized by the nations themselves, the ICC organizes two tournaments. The World Cup is held every four years; it involves all the test playing nations, Kenya, and also a number of qualifying nations. The Champion's Trophy, also known as the ICC Knockout Cup, is held every four years in between World Cups. In the Champion's Trophy, a single loss eliminates a team from the tournament.
The ICC instituted the Test Championship table to permit fans to compare all the test teams. The Table is a running one, that is, whoever is on top at a certain time will formally hold the Test trophy. (The Table is not like a league standings table, where the top team at the end of a certain period of time becomes Champion.)
The calculations for the Table are performed as follows:
The ODI (One Day International) championship was created for reasons similar to the Test one, and it has a similar structure. The championship does not replace the World Cup; the latter still carries much more significance to most cricket fans.
The calculations for the Table are performed as follows:
In most nations, domestic cricket is more organized than international cricket. There are usually separate limited overs and first-class trophies. At some times, there may be more than one limited overs trophy. The teams are usually city, county, state, or other regional teams. However, at some times, "department teams," which are teams composed of employees of a certain institution, may play.
Cricket is a statistics-laden sport. The statistics of runs, no-balls, wide balls, byes, and leg byes are covered in the above section on the Structure of the Match and Scoring.
Description du terrain et des positions
Structure d'une rencontre
Sortie des batteurs
The aforementioned are the main ways to be out, though a batsman may also be out in certain rarer manners:
Finally a player may be "retired, not out" (more commonly known as "retired hurt") in which case he still has the option to return after treatment, though he would have to wait for a teammate to be given out. The umpire has discretion over whether to allow a batsman to retire hurt. If a batsman still intends to go off the field without the umpire's consent, he may do so, but, he is "retired, out," and cannot return to the field of play.Comptage des points
Runs can be accrued through the failure of the bowler to correctly deliver the ball.
Règles du cricket
They were first printed in book form in 1775. The laws have changed a lot since then but the basic form of the game remains the same.Importantes modifications historiques des règles
1809
1829
1884
1889
1900
1922
1947
2000
Règles actuelles
The four appendices to the laws are as follows:
Conduite sur le terrain
Other offences are categorized as Level 1, Level 2, Level 3, or Level 4 as follows:Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Level 4
The penalties available for each offence are based on the level. The penalties are as follows:
Fines in Level 3 and 4 Offences are determined by the ICC without regard to match fee. Also, offences relating to gambling or match-fixing carry penalties of bans from 12 months to life, and also unlimited fines.
Note: If an offence occurred in a Test match, then the ban for a number of tests applies. If an offence occurred in an ODI, then the ban for a number of ODIs applies.Formes de cricket
Test cricket
Balls per over in test cricket
In Australia
In South Africa
In New Zealand
In Pakistan
In India, West Indies, Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe and United Arab Emirates (venue, not host) all test matches were played with 6 ball overs.First-class cricket
One-day cricket
List A cricket
Club cricket
Beach cricket
Pays participant au cricket à un niveau international
Governance of cricket
The ICC appoints a Match Referee for each International match. The Match Referee has no power during the game; he is more of a disciplinary official. The Match Referee has the power to receive complaints from players, team officials, or umpires, hold hearings, fine players a percentage of the "match fee", or ban players for a limited number of matches. The Match Referee can also recommend a hearing by a higher panel, which can go as far as banning a player for life.Structure of international cricket
General structure
Test Championship
ODI Championship
Structure of domestic cricket
Cricket statistics
General statistics
Batting statistics
Bowling statistics
Famous cricketers
Writers and commentators
Note that in addition to those listed here, a number of famous players have had a second career as writers or commentators; Richie Benaud is a notable example.
Other commentators
Many commentators never played the game at a professional level, yet they have gone on to become famous names associated with the game. Henry Blofeld is a notable example.Voir aussi
Liens externes (en anglais)
Origins and derivations of common cricket terms and expressions